Resources That will Make You Better at IT, Education and specifically in Digital Marketing.: Cloud Computing and Virtualization

Program : MCA -3 [GGSIPU]

Course Code: MCA- 223

Course Name: Cloud Computing

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: In this course, the learners will be able to develop expertise related to the following:-

1. Cloud Computing Basic concepts and its applications.

2. Virtualization and its role in the implementation of cloud computing.

3. Data center overview and its architecture.

4. Popular public clouds and their features.

5. Security issues in cloud and available countermeasures.

PRE-REQUISITES:

1. Computer Networks

2. Linux

3. Programming in Web Technologies / Full Stack Development

UNIT – I

Introduction to Cloud Computing: Definition, Evolution & Characteristics, Service Models of cloud computing Iaas, PaaS, SaaS and their Comparisons, Issues & Challenges of Cloud Computing, Applications of Cloud computing, Overview of Cloud Computing Security Configurations. Cloud Computing Architecture: Introduction, Cloud Architecture, Deployment of Models – (Public, Private, Community, and Hybrid Clouds) and their comparisons, IDaaS, Over View of Data intensive computing through Map Reduce.

UNIT – II

Virtualization in Cloud: Virtualization, Implementation of Virtualization, Middleware Support for Virtualization, Advantages & Applications of Virtualization, Virtualization Implementation Techniques, Hardware Virtualization, Types of Virtualization. Security Issues in Cloud Computing: Introduction, Security Challenges in Cloud Computing, Information Security, Privacy and Trust in Cloud Computing.

UNIT – III

Data Centre Architecture and Technologies: Architectural Building Blocks of Data Centre, Industry Direction and Operational and Technical Phasing, Industry Direction and Overview of Operational and Technical Phasing (Overview of 5 Phases). Computing with Titans: Google, Microsoft, Amazon, IBM, Accessing the Cloud- Platforms through a brief overview of Web Applications, Web API’s, Web Browsers.

UNIT – IV

Migrating to the Cloud: Cloud Services for Individuals, Cloud Services aimed at Mid-Markets, Enterprise, Best Practices and Future of Cloud Computing. Implementation of Cloud Using Any Cloud Platform : Introduction to Web Services, Structure, Objective, Cloud Portals, Groups, Mobile Apps, Setting up of Cloud Services, Containers, Handling Cloud Shell, Setting up of projects, Building Virtual Infrastructure, Deployment of Virtual Machine, Configuring Load Balancing.

TEXT BOOKS:

TB1.

V. K. Pachghare, “Cloud Computing” PHI Learning, 1st Edition, 2016.

TB2.

Venkata Josyula, Malcom Orr, Greg Page, “Cloud Computing – Automating the Virtualized Data Center”, Cisco Press, 1st Edition, 2016.

TB3.

Toby Velte, Anthony Velte, Robert Elsenpeter, “Cloud Computing a Practical Approach”, McGraw Hill, 1st Edition, 2015.

TB4.

Mitanshi Joshi, “Agile, DevOps and Cloud Computing with Microsoft Azure”, BPB

REFERENCE BOOKS:

RB1.

Erl Thomas, Puttini Ricardo, Mahmood Zaigham ,“Cloud Computing - Concepts, Technology and Architecture”, Pearson India, 1st Edition, 2014.

RB2.

Srinivas Cheemalapti Yi-an Chang, Shahir Daya, Matthieu Debeaux, Odilon Magroski Goulart, Vasfi Gucer, Rahul Gupta, Shamim Hossain, David Kwock, Jordan T Moore, David N Nguyen, Bobby Woolf, “Hybrid Cloud Data and API Integration: Integrate Your Enterprise and Cloud with Bluemix Integration Services”, IBM Redbooks, 2nd Edition, 2016.

RB3.

Has Altaiar Jack Lee, Michael Peña, “Cloud Analytics with Microsoft Azure: Build modern data warehouses with the combined power of analytics and Azure”, Packt Publishing Ltd, 1st Edition, 2019.

RB4.

Mitesh Soni, Wayde Gilchrist, “Designing AWS Environments: Architect large-scale cloud infrastructures with AWS”, Packt Publishing Ltd, 1st Edition, 2018.

RB5.

Dan Sullivan, “Official Google Cloud Certified Associate Cloud Engineer Study Guide”, John Wiley & Sons, 1st Edition, 2019.

Hand-Written Assignment Questions [Deadline : 30 September,2025 ]

🌩️ Assignment Questions

1. Differentiate between different service models of cloud computing (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) with real-world examples. Highlight their unique characteristics, use cases, and how organizations choose between them based on scalability, control, and cost.

2. Discuss the major deployment models of cloud computing—Public, Private, Community, and Hybrid Clouds. Explain their architectural differences, advantages, limitations, and suitability for various industries or institutions.

3. Evaluate the role of virtualization in cloud computing. Describe its implementation techniques, types (e.g., hardware, OS-level), and how middleware enhances virtualization efficiency.

4. Analyze the security challenges in cloud computing with reference to privacy, trust, and information security. Include examples of common threats and mitigation strategies, especially in multi-tenant environments.

5. What are the fundamental architectural building blocks that constitute a modern data center?

Assignment -2

Prepare a Lab File

Design a basic cloud infrastructure using any cloud platform (e.g., AWS, Azure, GCP).

Outline the steps to set up cloud services, deploy virtual machines, configure load balancing, and manage containers.

LAB Work

1)Register at AWS by creating a Free account on AWS

2) Register at GCP for Free

3)Register at IBM Cloud

4)Register at Microsoft Azure

5) Register at Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)

Explore AWS Training

GGSIPU syllabus wise Content of Cloud Computing - MCA-223

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Practice Questions

Qs 1. Define Cloud computing ?(2-Marks)

Qs 2. Name popular Cloud Virtualization Platforms? (2-Marks)

Qs 3. What do you mean by masking of server resources ? (2-Marks)

Qs 4. Explore the key cloud deployment models—Public, Private, Community, and Hybrid Clouds—highlighting their distinct features, use cases, and benefits in modern computing environments. (5-Marks)

Qs 5. What are Security Issues in Cloud Computing? (5-Marks)

Qs 6. Explain Cloud Computing Architecture ? (5-Marks)

Qs 7. Write brief note on : a) Virtualization b) hybrid model c) Datacenter d) SAAS e) Scalability (10 -Marks)

Qs 8. Discuss core Components of Data Center Architecture? (10-Marks)

Qs 9. Differentiate Service Models of cloud computing Iaas, PaaS, SaaS ? (10-Marks)

Qs 10. Discuss Advantages & Applications of Virtualization ? (5-Marks)

Qs 12. Elaborate cloud computing architecture? (10-Marks)

Qs 13. Discuss core Components of Data Center Architecture? (10-Marks)

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What is Middleware in Cloud computing ?

An exploration of middleware's role in cloud-based architectures.

Middleware in cloud computing is like the connective tissue that links different applications, services, and systems together—making complex environments work seamlessly.

Middleware is software that acts as a bridge between different applications or components in a distributed system. It enables communication, data exchange, and coordination across diverse platforms, operating systems, and technologies.

Middleware is the software layer that connects applications to the underlying infrastructure. In a virtualized environment, middleware plays a crucial role in ensuring that applications running on Virtual Machines (VMs) or "containers" can communicate, scale, and perform efficiently.

🧠 Analogy: Middleware as the “Traffic Controller

Imagine a *busy airport*:
Virtual Machines* are the airplanes.
Hypervisor* is the runway manager, deciding which plane lands where.
Middleware* is the *air traffic control system*—it ensures planes (apps) don’t collide, communicate with terminals (databases), and follow protocols. Without middleware, planes might land safely (thanks to the hypervisor), but they wouldn’t know where to go, how to refuel, or how to talk to the terminal.

📊 Facts & Figures

Efficiency Boost: Middleware can improve application performance in virtualized environments by 30–50% through optimized communication and load balancing.
Adoption: Over 80% of enterprise cloud deployments* use middleware to manage microservices and virtualized workloads.
Resilience: Middleware enables **failover and recovery* across VMs, reducing downtime by up to 70%.

🛠️ Core Functions of Middleware

Communication Management: Facilitates messaging between applications (e.g., APIs, message queues).
Data Translation: Converts data formats between systems (e.g., XML to JSON).
Authentication & Authorization: Manages user identity and access control.
Transaction Management: Ensures data consistency across distributed systems.
Load Balancing & Failover: Distributes workloads and handles system failures gracefully.
Monitoring & Logging: Tracks system performance and logs events for debugging.

Layered architecture of middleware in a virtualized environment

☁️ Middleware in Cloud Context

In cloud computing, middleware plays a critical role in:

• Cloud-Native Application Development: Enables microservices to communicate efficiently.

• Hybrid Cloud Integration: Bridges on-premises systems with cloud services.

• Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers built-in middleware for developers (e.g., Azure App Service).

• Enterprise Application Integration (EAI): Connects legacy systems with modern cloud apps.

Key middleware functions within a virtualized setup

🌩 Security Issues in Cloud Computing

🔹 1. Introduction

Security Issues in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing offers numerous benefits, including scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, security remains a major concern for organizations adopting cloud services. Cloud security issues can arise from various sources, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and malicious activity.

Security Challenges in Cloud Computing

1. Data Breaches: Unauthorized access to sensitive data stored in the cloud.
2. Lack of Control: Limited visibility and control over cloud infrastructure and data.
3. Multi-Tenancy: Shared resources and infrastructure increase the risk of cross-tenant attacks.
4. Insider Threats: Malicious insiders with authorized access to cloud systems and data.
5. Data Loss: Loss of data due to hardware failure, software bugs, or human error.

Information Security

1. Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access.
2. Integrity: Ensuring data accuracy and completeness.
3. Availability: Ensuring data and systems are accessible when needed.

Privacy and Trust in Cloud Computing

1. Data Privacy: Protecting personal and sensitive data from unauthorized access and misuse.
2. Trust: Building trust between cloud providers and customers through transparency, security, and compliance.

Examples and Facts

Data Breaches: In 2022, a major cloud storage provider experienced a data breach, exposing sensitive data of millions of users.
Cloud Security Market: The global cloud security market is expected to reach $62.9 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 27.3% (Source: MarketsandMarkets).
Cloud Security Concerns: 83% of organizations reported that security concerns are a major obstacle to adopting cloud services (Source: RightScale).

Statistics

Cloud Data Breach Rate: 43% of organizations reported experiencing a cloud data breach in 2022 (Source: Cloud Security Alliance).
Cloud Security Spending: Organizations spend an average of 27% of their IT budget on cloud security (Source: Gartner).
Cloud Adoption: 90% of organizations use cloud services, with 57% reporting increased cloud usage in 2022 (Source: Flexera).

Best Practices

1. Implement robust security controls, such as encryption and access controls.
2. Conduct regular security audits and risk assessments.
3. Develop a cloud security strategy and policy.
4. Train personnel on cloud security best practices.
5. Monitor cloud systems and data for suspicious activity.

By understanding the security challenges and implementing best practices, organizations can minimize the risks associated with cloud computing and ensure the security and integrity of their data.
Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services—such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics—over the internet (“the cloud”).
It allows on-demand access, cost efficiency, and scalability, but also introduces significant security challenges because users depend on third-party providers to manage their data and infrastructure.

✅ Key Characteristics:

On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity
Measured service

📊 Fact & Figure:

According to Gartner (2024), 60% of organizations experience at least one cloud security incident per year.

IBM Security Report 2024: The average cost of a cloud data breach is $4.45 million, higher than on-premises breaches.

Please note : Gartner is a global research and advisory firm that provides insights and guidance to business leaders, particularly in information technology and other fields. It helps organizations make informed decisions by offering services like research reports, conferences, and consulting. The company is known for its influential research methodologies, such as the Magic Quadrant, which rates vendors in a specific market, and the Hype Cycle, which analyzes new technologies.
What Gartner does
Provides research: Conducts in-depth market research to help senior leaders in areas like IT, finance, and HR make strategic decisions.
Offers advice and consulting: Provides actionable advice and tools to help companies improve performance and achieve their business goals.
Holds conferences: Organizes industry events to bring together professionals and discuss key trends and challenges.
Publishes influential reports: Is widely cited for its research, which includes methodologies like the Magic Quadrant and Hype Cycle, to help businesses understand and navigate the technology landscape.
Connects peers: Provides a platform for peer-to-peer networking and reviews to help businesses learn from one another.
Who Gartner serves
Gartner serves a wide range of clients, from large enterprises and government agencies to smaller businesses.
Its services are used by a variety of roles, including Chief Information Officers (CIOs), supply chain leaders, and other senior executives.

🔹 2. Security Challenges in Cloud Computing

Cloud environments face multiple security threats due to multi-tenancy, data mobility, and virtualization.

🧩 Major Security Challenges:

Data Breach Unauthorized access to sensitive cloud data. 2019 – Capital One breach: 100M records stolen from AWS cloud.
Data Loss Data accidentally deleted or corrupted. Accidental deletion of S3 buckets without backup.
Account Hijacking Attackers gain access to user credentials. Phishing leading to stolen Google Cloud credentials.
Insecure APIs Poorly secured APIs expose systems to attack. API vulnerability in Facebook cloud storage led to data leaks.
Insider Threats Employees misuse access rights. Malicious admin deleting cloud VM snapshots.
Denial of Service (DoS) Flooding the cloud service with fake requests. DoS attacks on Microsoft Azure services.
Shared Technology Vulnerabilities Weakness in virtualization layers. Spectre & Meltdown CPU flaws affecting multiple VMs.

⚠ Additional Concerns:

Lack of data visibility and control
Compliance issues (GDPR, HIPAA)
Misconfiguration risks — over 70% of cloud incidents come from misconfigurations (Trend Micro, 2023)

🔹 3. Information Security in Cloud Computing

Information Security (InfoSec) in the cloud means protecting data’s confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) across cloud platforms.

🔐 Key Security Mechanisms:

📈 Fact:

91% of enterprises encrypt data in the cloud (Thales Cloud Security Report, 2024).
80% use MFA, but only 40% use comprehensive access control policies.

MFA stands for Multi-Factor Authentication. It’s a security method that requires users to provide two or more verification factors to gain access to a system, account, or application. This makes it much harder for unauthorized users to break in—even if they have your password.
🔐 Common MFA Factors:
- Something you know: Password or PIN
- Something you have: Phone, security token, smart card
- Something you are: Fingerprint, facial recognition, voice
For example, logging into your email might require both your password and a code sent to your phone.

🔹 4. Privacy and Trust in Cloud Computing

🧭 Privacy Issues:

Cloud providers store user data across different geographic locations, often without user knowledge, leading to:
Data jurisdiction conflicts
Unauthorized data mining
Data retention beyond consent
Example:

In 2020, the Schrems II ruling by the EU Court struck down the Privacy Shield, impacting how US companies handle EU user data in cloud environments.

💡 Privacy Protection Techniques:

Data anonymization and masking
Homomorphic encryption
Secure multi-party computation
Transparency reports from cloud providers

🤝 Trust in Cloud Computing:

Trust is the confidence users have in a provider’s ability to safeguard data and maintain service integrity.

Trust depends on:

Reputation of the provider (e.g., AWS, Google Cloud)
Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
Compliance with standards (ISO 27001, SOC 2)
Transparent security policies

📊 Statistical Insight:

According to IDC 2024, 58% of organizations consider “lack of trust in providers” as the top barrier to full cloud adoption.
90% of Fortune 500 companies use at least one trusted cloud provider (AWS, Azure, GCP).

🔹 5. Conclusion

While cloud computing offers flexibility and scalability, security remains a top concern. Organizations must:

Implement strong encryption
Use identity and access management (IAM)
Perform regular audits
Ensure regulatory compliance
Build user trust through transparency and privacy safeguards

Summary Fact:

“The cloud is not inherently insecure — but shared responsibility is key.”

📘 References for Further Reading

1. Cloud Security Alliance (CSA): Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing v5
2. IBM Security Report 2024: Cost of a Data Breach
3. Thales Cloud Security Report 2024
4. Gartner Research (2024): State of Cloud Security

MCQs -II

MCQs based on Unit-1 & 2 only

1. What is cloud computing primarily used for?

A) Social networking

B) Video editing

C) Gaming

D) Remote storage and computing

Answer: D

2. Which of the following is a key characteristic of cloud computing?

A) Manual provisioning

B) Fixed resource allocation

C) On demand self service

D) Limited scalability

Answer: C

3. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of cloud computing?

A) Scalability

B) Cost efficiency

C) Physical proximity

D) Flexibility

Answer: C

4. What does “multitenancy” mean in cloud computing?

A) Multiple users share the same physical resources

B) Each user has a dedicated server

C) Only one user per cloud instance

D) Cloud is used for renting apartments

Answer: A

5. Which of the following is a deployment model in cloud computing?

A) Distributed cloud

B) Hybrid cloud

C) Shared cloud

D) Virtual cloud

Answer: B

6. Which service model provides virtual machines and storage?

A) SaaS

B) DaaS

C) PaaS

D) IaaS

Answer: D

7. Which model provides a platform for developers to build applications?

A) IaaS

B) PaaS

C) SaaS

D) NaaS

Answer: B

Note : Network as a Service (NaaS) allows organizations to use networking infrastructure (like routers, firewalls, VPNs, bandwidth) on-demand.

8. Which cloud model offers software applications over the internet?

A) PaaS

B) SaaS

C) FaaS

D) IaaS

Answer: B

Note : FaaS stands for Function as a Service. it's a cloud computing model that lets you run individual functions or pieces of code in response to events, without managing servers.

What is FaaS? (2-Marks)

Function as a Service (FaaS) is a serverless architecture where:

• You write code as discrete functions.

• The cloud provider executes them only when triggered (e.g., by an HTTP request, file upload, or database change).

• You pay only for the execution time — no need to provision or manage servers.

Qs Discuss key features of FAAS?

Key Features:

Event-driven: Functions run in response to triggers.
Stateless: Each function runs independently.
Auto-scaling: Automatically scales based on demand.
Cost-efficient: Charges based on execution time, not uptime

9. Which service model is best suited for endusers?

A) SaaS

B) PaaS

C) IaaS

D) DaaS

Answer: A

Note : DaaS stands for Desktop as a Service it's a cloud computing model that delivers virtual desktops to users over the internet.

Qs 🖥️ What is DaaS?

Desktop as a Service (DaaS) provides:

• A full desktop experience hosted in the cloud.

• Access to applications, files, and settings from any device.

• Centralized management and security for IT team

Qs Discuss key features of DAAS?

🔧 Key Features:

Virtual desktops accessible from anywhere.
Pay-as-you-go pricing for flexibility.
Centralized updates and patches.
Scalability for seasonal or remote workforces.
Security through data isolation and encryption

10. Which service model allows control over OS and storage?

A) SaaS

B) PaaS

C) IaaS

D) FaaS

Answer: C

11. What is virtualization?

A) Installing software

B) Creating virtual versions of resources

C) Encrypting data

D) Expanding physical storage

Answer: B

12. Which component manages virtual machines?

A) Router

B) Hypervisor

C) Load balancer

D) Firewall

Answer: B

13. Which type of hypervisor runs directly on hardware?

A) Type 2

B) Type 1

C) Cloud based

D) Hybrid

Answer: B

14. Which virtualization type separates the OS from the hardware?

A) Network virtualization

B) Application virtualization

C) Storage virtualization

D) Server virtualization

Answer: D

15. What is the benefit of virtualization?

A) Increased physical space

B) Improved resource utilization

C) Reduced internet speed

D) Higher electricity usage

Answer: B

16. What does server virtualization allow?

A) Multiple OS on one server

B) Faster internet

C) More physical servers

D) Hardware encryption

Answer: A

17. Which tool is used for server virtualization?

A) Docker

B) HyperV or Hypervisor

C) Kubernetes

D) GitHub

Answer: B

18. Which company offers VMware for virtualization?

A) Microsoft

B) Oracle

C) Google

D) VMware Inc.

Answer: D

Note : VMware Inc. is a leading American company specializing in cloud infrastructure and virtualization technology. It's widely recognized for pioneering virtualization in enterprise IT environments.

About VMware Inc.

Founded: 1998
Headquarters: Palo Alto, California, USA
Parent Company: Broadcom Inc. (as of 2023 acquisition)
Core Focus: Virtualization, cloud computing, networking, and security

19. What is a virtual machine?

A) A physical server

B) A software based emulation of a computer

C) A cloud storage unit

D) A network switch

Answer: B

Note : Emulation is the process of imitating the behavior of one system using another system, typically in software. It's widely used in computing to replicate hardware, operating systems, or environments.

Qs What Is Emulation?

Emulation allows one system (usually software) to mimic the functions of another system.
To run programs or access environments that are not natively supported by the host system.

Qs Discuss key features of Emulator

Key Characteristics:

Cross-platform compatibility: Run software designed for one platform on another.
Hardware independence: Emulate devices like game consoles, old computers, or mobile phones.
Slower than native execution: Because it simulates hardware/software behavior.

20. Which hypervisor type is used in enterprise data centers?

A) Type 2

B) Type 1

C) Baremetal

D) Hosted

Answer: B

21. What does storage virtualization do?

A) Encrypts data

B) Pools physical storage into logical units

C) Increases bandwidth

D) Deletes unused files

Answer: B

22. Which of the following is a benefit of storage virtualization?

A) Reduced storage capacity

B) Increased latency

C) Simplified management

D) Manual provisioning

Answer: C

23. Which protocol is commonly used in storage virtualization?

A) HTTP

B) FTP

C) iSCSI

D) SMTP

Answer: C

Qs What is iSCSI ? Discuss key features of iSCSI

What Is iSCSI?

Purpose: iSCSI enables block-level access to storage devices over standard Ethernet networks.
Function: It encapsulates SCSI commands into IP packets, allowing servers to communicate with storage devices as if they were locally attached.

🔧 Key Features:

Cost-effective: Uses existing Ethernet infrastructure instead of expensive Fibre Channel.
Block-level storage: Ideal for databases, virtual machines, and transactional workloads.
Remote access: Connects servers to storage over LAN, WAN, or even the internet.
Compatibility: Works with most operating systems and virtualization platforms.

24. What is SAN in storage virtualization?

A) Software Access Node

B) Storage Area Network

C) Secure Access Network

D) Server Allocation Node

Answer: B

Note :

SAN stands for Storage Area Network — it's a high-speed, specialized network that provides block-level storage access to servers. Think of it as a dedicated highway for data between servers and storage devices.

What Is SAN?

Purpose: To connect servers to shared pools of storage, making the storage appear as if it's locally attached.Architecture: Typically uses Fibre Channel or iSCSI protocols to ensure fast and reliable data transfer.

🔧 Key Features of SAN:

High performance: Ideal for mission-critical applications like databases and ERP systems.
Block-level access: Unlike NAS (which provides file-level access), SAN gives direct access to storage blocks.
Centralized storage: Simplifies management and improves scalability.
Redundancy and failover: Ensures high availability and reliability.

25. Which technology supports block level storage virtualization?

A) NAS

B) SAN

C) VPN

D) CDN

Answer: B

Note : A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a high-speed network that provides block-level access to storage, typically used in enterprise environments for databases and virtualization.

26. What is computing virtualization?

A) Virtualizing storage

B) Abstracting computing resources

C) Encrypting data

D) Installing software

Answer: B

27. Which of the following is a computing virtualization platform?

A) Docker

B) Git

C) Slack

D) Trello

Answer: A

Docker is an open-source platform that enables containerization — a lightweight form of virtualization that packages applications and their dependencies into isolated units called containers.

What Is Docker?

Purpose: To simplify application deployment by ensuring consistency across environments.
Functionality: Docker containers run the same regardless of the host system — whether it's a developer’s laptop or a production server.

🔧 Key Features:

Portability: Containers can run anywhere — on-premises, cloud, or hybrid.
Isolation: Each container runs independently, avoiding conflicts.
Efficiency: Containers share the host OS kernel, making them faster and lighter than virtual machines.
Version control: Docker images can be versioned and rolled back.

28. What does containerization enable?

A) Physical isolation

B) Lightweight virtualization

C) Hardware expansion

D) Network encryption

Answer: B

29. Which tool is used for container orchestration?

A) Jenkins

B) Kubernetes

C) GitHub

D) HyperV

Answer: B

30. Which company developed Docker?

A) Microsoft

B) Docker Inc.

C) Google

D) IBM

Answer: B

31. What is a data center?

A) A cloud service

B) A physical facility for IT infrastructure

C) A software application

D) A network protocol

Answer: B

32. Which of the following is NOT a component of a data center?

A) Servers

B) Cooling systems

C) Firewalls

D) Social media apps

Answer: D

33. What is the purpose of redundancy in data centers?

A) Increase cost

B) Reduce performance

C) Ensure availability

D) Limit scalability

Answer: C

34. Which metric measures data center efficiency?

A) CPU speed

B) PUE

C) RAM size

D) Disk I/O

Answer: B

35. What is colocation in data centers?

A) Sharing software

B) Hosting servers in thirdparty facilities

C) Using cloud storage

D) Encrypting data

Answer: B

36. What is cloud bursting?

A) Cloud failure

B) Scaling to public cloud during peak demand

C) Encrypting cloud data

D) Cloud migration

Answer: B

37. What is edge computing?

A) Centralized computing

B) Computing at the network edge

C) Cloud storage

D) Data encryption

Answer: B

38. What is a CDN?

A) Cloud Data Node

B) Content Delivery Network

C) Computing Device Network

D) Centralized Data Network

Answer: B

39. What is elasticity in cloud computing?

A) Ability to stretch cables

B) Ability to scale resources up/down

C) Ability to encrypt data

D) Ability to virtualize storage

Answer: B

40. What is orchestration in cloud computing?

A) Playing music

B) Managing cloud resources automatically

C) Encrypting data

D) Installing software

Answer: B

Qs Brief core components of DOCKER?

🔧 Key Features:

• Portability: Containers can run anywhere — on-premises, cloud, or hybrid.
• Isolation: Each container runs independently, avoiding conflicts.
• Efficiency: Containers share the host OS kernel, making them faster and lighter than virtual machines.

• Version control: Docker images can be versioned and rolled back.

Qs Explain Core Components of Data Center Architecture?

The architecture of a data center refers to the structured design and layout of all the physical and virtual components that enable it to store, process, and manage vast amounts of data efficiently.

🏗️ Core Components of Data Center Architecture

Servers: The backbone of any data center, these machines run applications, store data, and perform computations.
Storage Systems: Devices like hard drives, SSDs, and network-attached storage (NAS) that hold data securely and allow fast access.
Networking Equipment: Switches, routers, and firewalls that ensure smooth data flow between servers and external systems.
Power Supply & Backup: Includes UPS systems, generators, and redundant power sources to ensure uninterrupted operation.
Cooling Systems: HVAC units and liquid cooling setups maintain optimal temperatures to prevent overheating.
Security Infrastructure: Physical security (biometric access, surveillance) and cybersecurity (firewalls, encryption) protect sensitive data.
Virtualization & Cloud Integration: Many modern data centers use virtualization to run multiple virtual machines on fewer physical servers, improving efficiency and scalability

MCQs based on Unit-3 only

1. Which of the following is a core component of a data centre?

a) Microwave

b) Firewall

c) Server Rack

d) Printer

2. What does HVAC stand for in data centre infrastructure?

a) High Voltage AC

b) Heat Ventilation and Air Control

c) Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

d) Humidity, Voltage, Airflow, Cooling

3. Which layer handles virtualization in a data centre?

a) Physical Layer

b) Application Layer

c) Hypervisor Layer

d) Network Layer

Note : The Hypervisor Layer is a critical component in virtualization architecture, especially within data centres and cloud computing environments. It acts as a bridge between the physical hardware and the virtual machines (VMs) that run on top of it.

The Hypervisor Layer is responsible for creating, managing, and running multiple virtual machines on a single physical host by abstracting the underlying hardware resources.

4. What is the role of a UPS in a data centre?

a) Cooling

b) Data Backup

c) Power Continuity

d) Network Routing

5. Which of the following is NOT a building block of a data centre?

a) Network Switch

b) Storage Array

c) Coffee Machine

d) Firewall

6. What is the first phase in data centre lifecycle?

a) Deployment

b) Monitoring

c) Planning

d) Scaling

7. Which phase includes disaster recovery planning?

a) Phase 1

b) Phase 2

c) Phase 4

d) Phase 5

8. What is the final phase in technical phasing?

a) Design

b) Implementation

c) Decommissioning

d) Testing

Note : Decommissioning in the context of data centres or IT infrastructure refers to the planned process of retiring, dismantling, or securely removing systems, hardware, or services that are no longer needed, outdated, or have reached end-of-life.

9. Which tool is commonly used for monitoring data centre performance?

a) MS Word

b) Photoshop

c) Nagios

d) Excel

10. What is the focus of Phase 3 in the 5-phase model?

a) Planning

b) Decommissioning

c) Deployment & Testing

d) Scaling

11. Which company offers the cloud platform Azure?

a) Google

b) Amazon

c) Microsoft

d) IBM

12. What is AWS EC2 used for?

a) Storage

b) Networking

c) Virtual Servers

d) AI Training

13. Which titan developed Watson for AI services?

a) Google

b) Amazon

c) Microsoft

d) IBM

14. What is Google’s container orchestration platform?

a) Docker

b) Azure

c) Kubernetes

d) EC2

15. Which titan is known for hybrid cloud leadership?

a) Google

b) Amazon

c) Microsoft

d) IBM

16. What does API stand for?

a) Application Protocol Interface

b) Automated Programming Interface

c) Application Programming Interface

d) Advanced Page Integration

17. Which format is commonly used for API responses?

a) HTML

b) XML

c) JSON

d) TXT

18. What is the role of a web browser?

a) Hosting websites

b) Designing web pages

c) Rendering web content

d) Managing databases

19. Which protocol is used for secure web communication?

a) FTP

b) HTTP

c) HTTPS

d) SMTP

20. What is the purpose of OAuth?

a) Encrypt data

b) Host websites

c) Authorize third-party access

d) Monitor traffic

21. What is SaaS?

a) Software as a Service

b) Storage as a Service

c) Software as a Service

d) Server as a Service

22. Which tool is used to manage cloud resources?

a) GitHub

b) Excel

c) Cloud Console

d) VS Code

23. What is the benefit of browser-based cloud access?

a) Requires installation

b) Limited to one device

c) Accessible from anywhere

d) Needs VPN

24. What is a CDN used for?

a) Data encryption

b) Server management

c) Content delivery

d) Database backup

25. Which browser is developed by Google?

a) Firefox

b) Safari

c) Chrome

d) Edge

26. What is virtualization?

a) Physical server setup

b) Manual configuration

c) Creating virtual instances of hardware

d) Data encryption

27. What is the role of SLAs in cloud services?

a) Security

b) Storage

c) Service guarantees

d) Software licensing

Note : SLAs, or Service Level Agreements, are formal contracts between a service provider and a client that define the expected level of service, performance metrics, and responsibilities.

28. Which titan offers BigQuery?

a) Microsoft

b) Amazon

c) Google

d) IBM

29. What is the role of a hypervisor?

a) Encrypt data

b) Manage APIs

c) Run virtual machines

d) Host websites

30. Which phase includes compliance and audits?

a) Phase 1

b) Phase 2

c) Phase 5

d) Phase 3

What is Cloud Virtualization

Cloud virtualization is a technology that allows multiple virtual machines (VMs) or virtual environments to run on a single physical server or cloud infrastructure. This is achieved through a layer of software called a hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM), which creates and manages the virtualized environments.

Key Benefits

1. Hardware Virtualization: Multiple VMs can run on a single physical server, maximizing resource utilization.
2. Isolation: Each VM is isolated from others, ensuring security and preventing conflicts.
3. Flexibility: VMs can be easily created, cloned, and deleted as needed.
4. Scalability: Cloud virtualization enables rapid scaling of resources up or down to meet changing demands.

Types of Cloud Virtualization

1. Server Virtualization: Virtualizing physical servers to run multiple VMs.
2. Desktop Virtualization: Virtualizing desktops to provide users with access to virtual desktop environments.
3. Application Virtualization: Virtualizing applications to decouple them from the underlying infrastructure.

Cloud Virtualization Use Cases

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Providing virtualized computing resources over the internet.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Providing a complete development and deployment environment for applications.
3. Disaster Recovery: Using cloud virtualization for disaster recovery and business continuity.

Popular Cloud Virtualization Platforms

1. VMware: A leading provider of virtualization and cloud infrastructure solutions.
2. Amazon Web Services (AWS): A comprehensive cloud platform that includes virtualization capabilities.
3. Microsoft Azure: A cloud platform that provides virtualization and other services.

Cloud virtualization has revolutionized the way businesses and organizations manage their IT infrastructure, providing greater flexibility, scalability, and efficiency.

Masking of Server Resources

Masking of server resources refers to the technique of hiding or abstracting the underlying server infrastructure, such as hardware, operating system, or storage, from the users or applications that utilize the resources. This is often achieved through virtualization, cloud computing, or other abstraction layers.

Purpose of Masking Server Resources:

1. Improved Security: By masking server resources, you can reduce the attack surface and make it more difficult for attackers to exploit vulnerabilities.
2. Increased Flexibility: Masking server resources allows for greater flexibility in managing and allocating resources, as well as easier migration to different infrastructure.
3. Enhanced Scalability: By abstracting server resources, you can scale infrastructure up or down as needed, without affecting the applications or users.

Techniques for Masking Server Resources:

1. Virtualization: Using hypervisors or virtual machine monitors to create virtual machines that abstract the underlying hardware.
2. Cloud Computing: Using cloud providers to abstract the underlying infrastructure and provide on-demand access to resources.
3. Containerization: Using containerization technologies, such as Docker, to abstract the underlying operating system and provide isolated environments for applications.

Benefits of Masking Server Resources:

1. Improved Resource Utilization: Masking server resources can help optimize resource utilization and reduce waste.
2. Simplified Management: By abstracting server resources, you can simplify management and maintenance tasks.
3. Increased Agility: Masking server resources enables greater agility and flexibility in responding to changing business needs.

By masking server resources, organizations can improve security, flexibility, and scalability, while also simplifying management and increasing agility.

Virtualization Types

There are two main types of virtualization:

Type 1 Virtualization (Bare-Metal Virtualization)

Type 1 virtualization, also known as bare-metal virtualization, runs directly on the host machine's hardware without the need for a host operating system. This type of virtualization provides better performance and is typically used in enterprise environments.

Examples:

1. VMware ESXi: A popular bare-metal hypervisor for virtualizing servers and data centers.
2. XEN: An open-source hypervisor that provides virtualization capabilities for Linux and other operating systems.
3. Microsoft Hyper-V: A bare-metal hypervisor that allows you to create virtual machines on Windows servers.
4. KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine): An open-source virtualization technology that is built into the Linux kernel.

Type 2 Virtualization (Hosted Virtualization)

Type 2 virtualization, also known as hosted virtualization, runs on top of a host operating system. This type of virtualization is typically used for development, testing, and end-user environments.

Examples:

1. VMware Workstation: A popular hosted virtualization platform for Windows and Linux.
2. Oracle VirtualBox: A cross-platform virtualization platform that allows you to run multiple operating systems on a single host.
3. Parallels Desktop: A hosted virtualization platform for macOS that allows you to run Windows and other operating systems.
4. QEMU (Quick Emulator): An open-source emulator that can also be used for virtualization.

Each type of virtualization has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice between them depends on your specific needs and use case.

🔹 1. Type 1 Virtualization (Bare-Metal Virtualization)

Note : Type 1 virtualization is called bare-metal because the hypervisor runs directly on the host’s hardware. There is no need for an additional host operating system. This makes it more efficient, secure, and suitable for enterprise-grade data centers.

✅ How It Works:

The hypervisor is installed directly on the physical hardware (CPU, memory, storage, network).
It controls the allocation of hardware resources to Virtual Machines (VMs).
Each VM runs its own guest OS (Windows, Linux, etc.) independently.

✅ Advantages:

High performance (less overhead since no extra OS layer).
Better security and isolation of VMs.
Scales well for enterprise and cloud computing.
Supports advanced features like live migration, clustering, and resource management.

❌ Disadvantages:

Complex setup and management (needs IT expertise).
Usually requires powerful, dedicated hardware.
Less suitable for small-scale or casual users.

Examples of Type 1 Hypervisors:

1. VMware ESXi → Enterprise-grade hypervisor widely used in data centers.
2. Xen → Open-source hypervisor, used by Amazon AWS in its early days.
3. Microsoft Hyper-V → Integrated with Windows Server for virtualization.
4. KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) → Built into the Linux kernel, widely used in cloud platforms like OpenStack.

📌 Use Cases:

Cloud computing (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud).
Enterprise data centers.
High-availability and high-performance environments.

🔹 2. Type 2 Virtualization (Hosted Virtualization)

Note : Type 2 virtualization is called hosted virtualization because the hypervisor runs on top of a host operating system (like Windows, Linux, or macOS). It’s easier to use but less efficient compared to Type 1.

✅ How It Works:

A host OS (Windows/Linux/macOS) runs on the physical machine.
The virtualization software (hypervisor) is installed as an application.
Virtual machines (VMs) are created inside this application, each running its own guest OS.

✅ Advantages:

Easy to install and manage (like a normal app).
Good for developers, students, and testers.
Works on desktops and laptops without special hardware.

❌ Disadvantages:

Performance is lower (extra OS layer adds overhead).
Less secure compared to bare-metal hypervisors.
Not ideal for large-scale production environments.

Examples of Type 2 Hypervisors:

1. VMware Workstation → Used for running multiple OS on desktops.
2. Oracle VirtualBox → Free, open-source, widely used for cross-platform virtualization.
3. Parallels Desktop → Popular on macOS to run Windows/Linux.
4. QEMU (Quick Emulator) → Can emulate hardware and provide virtualization features.

📌 Use Cases:

Software testing and development.
Running multiple OS on a single personal computer.
Learning and practicing different operating systems.
Small-scale or experimental setups.

In short:

Type 1 (Bare-Metal) = Best for enterprise, cloud, and high-performance environments.

Type 2 (Hosted) = Best for development, testing, and personal use.

Absolutely, Sumita! Here's a clear and structured explanation of both Cloud Computing Architecture and the Core Components of Data Center Architecture, tailored for academic clarity and outreach use:

Cloud Computing Architecture

Cloud computing architecture is the blueprint that defines how various cloud components interact to deliver services over the internet. It ensures scalability, flexibility, and reliability for users and developers.

🔧 Main Components of Cloud Architecture

1. Frontend (Client Side)
User Interface: Web browsers, mobile apps, or desktop clients.
Client Infrastructure: Devices and applications used to access cloud services.

2. Backend (Cloud Provider Side)

Application: Software running on the cloud (e.g., CRM, ERP).
Service: Core cloud services like storage, compute, and networking.
Runtime Cloud: Virtual environment where services execute.
Storage: Databases, object storage, and file systems.
Infrastructure: Physical servers, virtualization, and networking.
Management: Resource allocation, monitoring, and orchestration.
Security: Firewalls, identity management, encryption protocols.

🧠 Architectural Models

SOA (ServiceOriented Architecture): Modular services that communicate via APIs.
EDA (EventDriven Architecture): Responds to realtime events and triggers.

Cloud architecture enables “build once, run anywhere” flexibility and supports dynamic scaling based on demand.*

Core Components of Data Center Architecture

Data center architecture refers to the physical and logical layout of resources that support IT operations, ensuring performance, security, and scalability.

🧩 Key Components

1. Compute Resources
Servers: Blade servers, rackmounted servers, mainframes.
Virtual Machines: Hosted on hypervisors for flexible deployment.

2. Storage Systems
SAN/NAS: Centralized storage for highspeed access.
SSD/HDD Arrays: Based on performance and cost needs.

3. Networking Infrastructure
Switches & Routers: Core, aggregation, and access layers.
SpineLeaf Architecture: Modern design for predictable traffic flow.
Fiber Cabling: Highspeed data transmission.

4. Power & Cooling
UPS & Generators: Uninterrupted power supply.
HVAC Systems: Prevent overheating and maintain optimal conditions.

5. Security Systems
Physical Security: Biometric access, surveillance.
Cybersecurity: Firewalls, intrusion detection, packet filtering.

6. Management & Monitoring
DCIM Tools: Data Center Infrastructure Management software.
Automation & Alerts: Realtime performance and fault tracking.

A well architected data center ensures 24/7 uptime, efficient resource use, and robust security.

Key Questions for External Exams

Define cloud computing in your own words. How is it different from traditional computing?
What are the key characteristics of cloud computing as per NIST?
Explain the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS with one example each.
What is virtualization and how does it support cloud computing?
Describe the role of hypervisors in cloud infrastructure.
What is multi-tenancy in cloud computing? Why is it important?
How does containerization (e.g., Docker) differ from virtualization?
Explain the concept of elasticity in cloud services.
What are the major security concerns in cloud computing?
How does data encryption work in cloud storage?
What is the shared responsibility model in cloud security?
List three real-world applications of cloud computing in education or business.
How does cloud computing enable remote work and collaboration?
Compare public, private, and hybrid cloud models with examples.
If your college were to migrate its IT infrastructure to the cloud, what factors should be considered?
Do you think cloud computing is cost-effective for startups? Justify your answer.
What challenges might arise when scaling applications in the cloud?
Define the role of NIST in Cloud computing ?

1. What is cloud computing according to NIST?

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

2. List the five essential characteristics of cloud computing as defined by NIST.

On-demand self-service: Users can provision computing resources automatically.
Broad network access: Services are accessible over the internet from various devices.
Resource pooling: Resources are shared among multiple users using multi-tenancy.
Rapid elasticity: Resources can scale up or down quickly based on demand.
Measured service: Resource usage is monitored and billed based on consumption.

3. Explain the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS with one example each.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Example: Amazon EC2.
PaaS (Platform as a Service): Offers hardware and software tools over the internet. Example: Google App Engine.
SaaS (Software as a Service): Delivers software applications over the internet. Example: Microsoft 365.

4. What is virtualization and how does it support cloud computing?

Virtualization is the creation of virtual versions of physical resources like servers, storage, and networks. It enables efficient resource utilization, scalability, and isolation in cloud environments.

5. Define cloud computing in your own words. How is it different from traditional computing?
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—like servers, storage, databases, networking, software—over the internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. Unlike traditional computing, which relies on local servers or personal devices, cloud computing allows access to resources remotely and on-demand.

6. What are the key characteristics of cloud computing as per NIST?

On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity
Measured service

7. Explain the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS with one example each.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Provides virtualized hardware. Example: Amazon EC2.
PaaS (Platform as a Service): Offers development platforms. Example: Google App Engine.
SaaS (Software as a Service): Delivers software applications. Example: Microsoft 365.

8. What is virtualization and how does it support cloud computing?
Virtualization creates virtual versions of physical resources like servers and storage. It allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine, improving resource utilization and enabling scalable cloud services.

9. Describe the role of hypervisors in cloud infrastructure.

Hypervisors manage virtual machines by allocating resources from the host hardware. They enable multiple VMs to run on a single physical server, which is essential for cloud scalability and efficiency.

10. What is multi-tenancy in cloud computing? Why is it important?
Multi-tenancy means multiple users share the same infrastructure and resources securely. It’s important because it reduces costs, improves resource utilization, and supports scalability.

11. How does containerization (e.g., Docker) differ from virtualization?
Containerization isolates applications at the OS level, sharing the same kernel, whereas virtualization isolates entire operating systems. Containers are lightweight and faster to start, making them ideal for cloud-native applications.

12. Explain the concept of elasticity in cloud services.
Elasticity refers to the ability to automatically scale resources up or down based on demand. It ensures optimal performance and cost-efficiency.

13. What are the major security concerns in cloud computing?

Data breaches
Unauthorized access
Insecure APIs
Account hijacking
Compliance violations

14. How does data encryption work in cloud storage?
Data is converted into unreadable code using encryption algorithms. Only authorized users with the correct decryption key can access the original data, ensuring confidentiality and security.

15. What is the shared responsibility model in cloud security?
It defines which security tasks are handled by the cloud provider and which are the customer’s responsibility. For example, providers secure the infrastructure, while customers manage data, access, and applications.

16. List three real-world applications of cloud computing in education or business.

Online learning platforms (e.g., Google Classroom)
Cloud-based CRM systems (e.g., Salesforce)
Remote collaboration tools (e.g., Microsoft Teams)

17. How does cloud computing enable remote work and collaboration?
It provides access to shared resources, applications, and data from anywhere, enabling teams to work together in real time using tools like Google Drive or Zoom.

18. Compare public, private, and hybrid cloud models with examples.

Public Cloud: Services offered over the internet (e.g., AWS).
Private Cloud: Dedicated infrastructure for one organization (e.g., internal data center).
Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private clouds (e.g., Microsoft Azure Stack).

19. If your college were to migrate its IT infrastructure to the cloud, what factors should be considered?

Cost and budget
Data security and compliance
Scalability needs
Vendor reliability
Staff training and change management

20. Do you think cloud computing is cost-effective for startups? Justify your answer.
Yes, because it eliminates upfront hardware costs, offers pay-as-you-go pricing, and provides scalable resources that grow with the business.

21. What challenges might arise when scaling applications in the cloud?

Performance bottlenecks
Increased costs
Complexity in architecture
Security risks
Integration with legacy systems

18. What is multi-tenancy in cloud computing? Why is it important?
Multi-tenancy means multiple users share the same infrastructure and resources securely. It’s important because it reduces costs, improves resource utilization, and supports scalability.

19. How does containerization (e.g., Docker) differ from virtualization?
Containerization isolates applications at the OS level, sharing the same kernel, whereas virtualization isolates entire operating systems. Containers are lightweight and faster to start, making them ideal for cloud-native applications.

20. Explain the concept of elasticity in cloud services.
Elasticity refers to the ability to automatically scale resources up or down based on demand. It ensures optimal performance and cost-efficiency

22 What are the major security concerns in cloud computing?

•             Data breaches
•             Unauthorized access
•             Insecure APIs
•             Account hijacking
•             Compliance violations

23. How does data encryption work in cloud storage?

Data is converted into unreadable code using encryption algorithms. Only authorized users with the correct decryption key can access the original data, ensuring confidentiality and security.
11. What is the shared responsibility model in cloud security?
It defines which security tasks are handled by the cloud provider and which are the customer’s responsibility. For example, providers secure the infrastructure, while customers manage data, access, and applications.

24. List three real-world applications of cloud computing in education or business.

Online learning platforms (e.g., Google Classroom)
Cloud-based CRM systems (e.g., Salesforce)
Remote collaboration tools (e.g., Microsoft Teams)

25. How does cloud computing enable remote work and collaboration?
It provides access to shared resources, applications, and data from anywhere, enabling teams to work together in real time using tools like Google Drive or Zoom.

26. Compare public, private, and hybrid cloud models with examples.

Public Cloud: Services offered over the internet (e.g., AWS).
Private Cloud: Dedicated infrastructure for one organization (e.g., internal data center).
Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private clouds (e.g., Microsoft Azure Stack).

27. If your college were to migrate its IT infrastructure to the cloud, what factors should be considered?

•             Cost and budget
•             Data security and compliance
•             Scalability needs
•             Vendor reliability
•             Staff training and change management

28. Do you think cloud computing is cost-effective for startups? Justify your answer.

Yes, because it eliminates upfront hardware costs, offers pay-as-you-go pricing, and provides scalable resources that grow with the business.

29. What challenges might arise when scaling applications in the cloud?

•             Performance bottlenecks
•             Increased costs
•             Complexity in architecture

Security risks
Integration with legacy systems

Qs 30. Explain cloud computing by discussing its definition, key characteristics (as per NIST), service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), deployment models (public, private, hybrid), role of virtualization and containerization, security concerns, and real-world applications. Support your answer with examples.?

Cloud computing is a model that enables convenient, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources—such as servers, storage, applications, and services—over the internet. These resources can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort, making cloud computing highly scalable and efficient.

🔑 Key Characteristics (NIST)

According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cloud computing has five essential characteristics:

On-demand self-service – Users can provision resources automatically without human intervention.
Broad network access – Services are accessible from various devices over the internet.
Resource pooling – Multiple users share pooled resources using a multi-tenant model.
Rapid elasticity – Resources can be scaled up or down quickly based on demand.
Measured service – Usage is monitored and billed based on consumption.

🧰 Service Models

Cloud computing offers three primary service models:

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – Provides virtualized hardware resources. Example: Amazon EC2.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) – Offers development platforms and tools. Example: Google App Engine.
Software as a Service (SaaS) – Delivers software applications over the internet. Example: Microsoft 365.

🏗️ Deployment Models

There are three main deployment models:

Public Cloud – Services offered over the internet to multiple users. Example: AWS.
Private Cloud – Dedicated infrastructure for a single organization. Example: an internal data center.
Hybrid Cloud – Combines public and private clouds for flexibility. Example: Microsoft Azure Stack. Microsoft Azure Stack.

⚙️ Virtualization and Containerization

Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical server, improving resource utilization.
Containerization (e.g., Docker) isolates applications at the OS level, making them lightweight and portable. Containers are ideal for cloud-native development.

🔐 Security Concerns

Major security concerns in cloud computing include:

Data breaches
Unauthorized access
Insecure APIs
Compliance violations

Cloud providers and users share responsibility for securing data and infrastructure, known as the shared responsibility model.

Cloud computing is widely used in:

• Education – Online learning platforms like Google Classroom.

• Business – CRM systems like Salesforce.

• Collaboration – Tools like Microsoft Teams and Zoom enable remote work. 🌍 Real-World Applications

Cloud computing is widely used in:

• Education – Online learning platforms like Google Classroom.

• Business – CRM systems like Salesforce.

• Collaboration – Tools like Microsoft Teams and Zoom enable remote work.

BCA Class PPT

Unit -3

Unit -4

PROJECT Data

Guidelines of Minor Project

Synopsis Format

ICT Department Project Guidelines

List of SHIFT-1 Students with Guide(Minor Project)

List of SHIFT-2 Students with Guide(Minor Project)

Assignment Questions

Assignment – BCA-305 Cloud Computing –BCA-5

Q1. What is cloud computing explain with a suitable example?

Q2. Explain different cloud computing modals.

Q3. Describe cloud architecture.

Q4. Write brief note on:-

1. Virtualization

2. Paas

3. Elasticity

4. Scalability

5. Deployment

Q5. Explain different deployment modals.

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What Is Cloud Computing ?

Cloud computing is adopted by every company, whether it is an MNC or a startup many are still migrating towards it because of the cost-cutting, lesser maintenance, and the increased capacity of the data with the help of servers maintained by the cloud providers.

One more reason for this drastic change from the On-premises servers of the companies to the Cloud providers is the ‘Pay as you go’ principle-based services provided by them i.e., you only have to pay for the service which you are using. The disadvantage On-premises server holds is that if the server is not in use the company still has to pay for it.

What Is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the user. The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable document.

The following are some of the Operations that can be performed with Cloud Computing

Storage, backup, and recovery of data
Delivery of software on demand
Development of new applications and services
Streaming videos and audio

Benefits Of Cloud Computing

Cost: It is a platform which easily eliminates the capital expense which is buying hardware and software that you can easily set up and run according to data centers where you rack the servers around the clock with electricity power and cooling for managing the infrastructure which adds with fast speed.

Speed: Cloud computing services are provided self-service on demand where they have vast amounts of computing resources which can be provisioned in minutes, which is typically away just a few mouse clicks, which gives business flexibility and takes pressure on capacity planning.

Reliability: It makes data backups, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and it is less expensive because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on different network providers.

Security: Many cloud providers offer a broad set of policies, and technologies and easily control and strengthen the security with proper posture overall, which helps to protect your data, apps, and infrastructure from potential threats.

Global Scale: It offers a global scale service which has the ability to be elastically used all over. Where cloud speaks of the delivering means which has the proper amount of IT resources which has more or less computing power, storage, and bandwidth which offer the right geographical location.

Fast Facts:

Nearly one-half of US Government agencies use the cloud.

Banking produces the most activity within the cloud.

The cloud computing market is projected to reach $106 billion by 2016.

60% of U.S. IT decision-makers trust the security of the cloud.

Understanding How Cloud Computing Works?

Cloud computing helps users in easily accessing computing resources like storage, and processing over internet rather than local hardwares. Here we discussing how it works in nutshell:

Infrastructure: Cloud computing depends on remote network servers hosted on internet for store, manage, and process the data.
On-Demand Acess: Users can access cloud services and resources based on-demand they can scale up or down the without having to invest for physical hardware.
Types of Services: Cloud computing offers various benefits such as cost saving, scalability, reliability and acessibility it reduces capital expenditures, improves efficiency.

Origins Of Cloud Computing

Mainframe computing in the 1950s and the internet explosion in the 1990s came together to give rise to cloud computing. Since businesses like Amazon, Google, and Salesforce started providing web-based services in the early 2000s. The term “cloud computing” has gained popularity. Scalability, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness are to be facilitated by the concept’s on-demand internet-based access to computational resources.

These days, cloud computing is pervasive, driving a wide range of services across markets and transforming the processing, storage, and retrieval of data

What is Virtualization In Cloud Computing?

Virtualization is the software technology that helps in providing the logical isolation of physical resources. Creating logical isolation of physical resources such as RAM, CPU, and Storage.. over the cloud is known as Virtualization in Cloud Computing. In simple we can say creating types of Virtual Instances of computing resources over the cloud. It provides better management and utilization of hardware resources with logical isolation making the applications independent of others. It facilitates streamlining the resource allocation and enhancing scalability for multiple virtual computers within a single physical source offering cost-effectiveness and better optimization of resources.

To know about this refer this Article – Virtualization in Cloud Computing and Types

Architecture Of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and sub-components required for cloud computing. These components typically refer to:

Front end ( Fat client, Thin client)
Back-end platforms ( Servers, Storage )
Cloud-based delivery and a network ( Internet, Intranet, Intercloud )

Cloud-Computing-Architecture

1. Front End ( User Interaction Enhancement )

The User Interface of Cloud Computing consists of 2 sections of clients. The Thin clients are the ones that use web browsers facilitating portable and lightweight accessibilities and others are known as Fat Clients that use many functionalities for offering a strong user experience.

2. Back-end Platforms ( Cloud Computing Engine )

The core of cloud computing is made at back-end platforms with several servers for storage and processing computing. Management of Applications logic is managed through servers and effective data handling is provided by storage. The combination of these platforms at the backend offers the processing power, and capacity to manage and store data behind the cloud.

3. Cloud-Based Delivery and Network

On-demand access to the computer and resources is provided over the Internet, Intranet, and Intercloud. The Internet comes with global accessibility, the Intranet helps in internal communications of the services within the organization and the Intercloud enables interoperability across various cloud services. This dynamic network connectivity ensures an essential component of cloud computing architecture on guaranteeing easy access and data transfer.

What Are The Types of Cloud Computing Services?

The following are the types of Cloud Computing:

Types-of-Cloud-Computing-Services

1. Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS )

Flexibility and Control: IaaS comes up with providing virtualized computing resources such as VMs, Storage, and networks facilitating users with control over the Operating system and applications.
Reducing Expenses of Hardware: IaaS provides business cost savings with the elimination of physical infrastructure investments making it cost-effective.
Scalability of Resources: The cloud provides in scaling of hardware resources up or down as per demand facilitating optimal performance with cost efficiency.

2. Platform as a Service ( PaaS )

Simplifying the Development: Platform as a Service offers application development by keeping the underlying Infrastructure as an Abstraction. It helps the developers to completely focus on application logic ( Code ) and background operations are completely managed by the AWS platform.
Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity: PaaS lowers the Management of Infrastructure complexity, speeding up the Execution time and bringing the updates quickly to market by streamlining the development process.
Automation of Scaling: Management of resource scaling, guaranteeing the program’s workload efficiency is ensured by PaaS.

3. SaaS (software as a service)

Collaboration And Accessibility: Software as a Service (SaaS) helps users to easily access applications without having the requirement of local installations. It is fully managed by the AWS Software working as a service over the internet encouraging effortless cooperation and ease of access.
Automation of Updates: SaaS providers manage the handling of software maintenance with automatic latest updates ensuring users gain experience with the latest features and security patches.
Cost Efficiency: SaaS acts as a cost-effective solution by reducing the overhead of IT support by eliminating the need for individual software licenses.

4. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Event-Driven Execution: FaaS helps in the maintenance of servers and infrastructure making users worry about it. FaaS facilitates the developers to run code as a response to the events.
Cost Efficiency: FaaS facilitates cost efficiency by coming up with the principle “Pay as per you Run” for the computing resources used.
Scalability and Agility: Serverless Architectures scale effortlessly in handing the workloads promoting agility in development and deployment.

To know more about the Types of Cloud Computing Difference please read this article – IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS

What Are Cloud Deployment Models?

The following are the Cloud Deployment Models:

1. Private Deployment Model

It provides an enhancement in protection and customization by cloud resource utilization as per particular specified requirements. It is perfect for companies which looking for security and compliance needs.

2. Public Deployment Model

It comes with offering a pay-as-you-go principle for scalability and accessibility of cloud resources for numerous users. it ensures cost-effectiveness by providing enterprise-needed services.

3. Hybrid Deployment Model

It comes up with a combination of elements of both private and public clouds providing seamless data and application processing in between environments. It offers flexibility in optimizing resources such as sensitive data in private clouds and important scalable applications in the public cloud.

To know more about the Cloud Deployment Models, read this Articles

What Is Cloud Hosting?

The Infrastructure is where the people start and begin to build from the scratch. This is the layer where the cloud hosting lives. Let’s say you have a company and a website and the website has a lot of communications that are exchanged between members. You start with a few members talking with each other and then gradually the number of members increases. As time passes, as the number of members increases, there would be more traffic on the network and your server will get slow down. This would cause a problem.

A few years ago, the websites are put on the server somewhere, in this way you have to run around or buy and set the number of servers. It costs a lot of money and takes a lot of time. You pay for these servers when you are using them and as well as when you are not using them. This is called hosting. This problem is overcome by cloud hosting. With Cloud Computing, you have access to computing power when you needed. Now, your website is put in the cloud server as you put it on a dedicated server. People start visiting your website and if you suddenly need more computing power, you would scale up according to the need.

Characteristics Of Cloud Computing

The following are the characterisitics of Cloud Computing:

Scalability: With Cloud hosting, it is easy to grow and shrink the number and size of servers based on the need. This is done by either increasing or decreasing the resources in the cloud. This ability to alter plans due to fluctuations in business size and needs is a superb benefit of cloud computing, especially when experiencing a sudden growth in demand.
Save Money: An advantage of cloud computing is the reduction in hardware costs. Instead of purchasing in-house equipment, hardware needs are left to the vendor. For companies that are growing rapidly, new hardware can be large, expensive, and inconvenient. Cloud computing alleviates these issues because resources can be acquired quickly and easily. Even better, the cost of repairing or replacing equipment is passed to the vendors. Along with purchase costs, off-site hardware cuts internal power costs and saves space. Large data centers can take up precious office space and produce a large amount of heat. Moving to cloud applications or storage can help maximize space and significantly cut energy expenditures.
Reliability: Rather than being hosted on one single instance of a physical server, hosting is delivered on a virtual partition that draws its resource, such as disk space, from an extensive network of underlying physical servers. If one server goes offline it will have no effect on availability, as the virtual servers will continue to pull resources from the remaining network of servers.
Physical Security: The underlying physical servers are still housed within data centers and so benefit from the security measures that those facilities implement to prevent people from accessing or disrupting them on-site.
Outsource Management: When you are managing the business, Someone else manages your computing infrastructure. You do not need to worry about management as well as degradation.

Top Reasons to Switch from On-premise to Cloud Computing

The following are the Top reasons to switch from on-premise to cloud computing:

Reduces cost: The cost-cutting ability of businesses that utilize cloud computing over time is one of the main advantages of this technology. On average 15% of the total cost can be saved by companies if they migrate to the cloud. By the use of cloud servers businesses will save and reduce costs with no need to employ a staff of technical support personnel to address server issues. There are many great business modules regarding the cost-cutting benefits of cloud servers such as the Coca-Cola and Pinterest case studies.
More storage: For software and applications to execute as quickly and efficiently as possible, it provides more servers, storage space, and computing power. Many tools are available for cloud storage such as Dropbox, Onedrive, Google Drive, iCloud Drive, etc.
Employees Better Work Life Balance: Direct connections between cloud computing benefits, and the work and personal lives of an enterprise’s workers can both improve because of cloud computing. Even on holidays, the employees have to work with the server for its security, maintenance, and proper functionality. But with cloud storage the thing is not the same, employees get ample of time for their personal life and the workload is even less comparatively.

Top leading Cloud Computing companies

1. Amazon Web Services(AWS)

One of the most successful cloud-based businesses is Amazon Web Services(AWS), which is an Infrastructure as a Service(Iaas) offering that pays rent for virtual computers on Amazon’s infrastructure.

2. Microsoft Azure Cloud Platform

Microsoft is creating the Azure platform which enables the .NET Framework Application to run over the internet as an alternative platform for Microsoft developers. This is the classic Platform as a Service(PaaS).

3. Google Cloud Platform ( GCP )

Google has built a worldwide network of data centers to service its search engine. From this service, Google has captured the world’s advertising revenue. By using that revenue, Google offers free software to users based on infrastructure. This is called Software as a Service(SaaS).

Advantages of Cloud Computing

The following are main advantages of Cloud Computing:

Cost Efficiency: Cloud Computing provides flexible pricing to the users with the principal pay-as-you-go model. It helps in lessening capital expenditures of Infrastructure, particularly for small and medium-sized businesses companies.
Flexibility and Scalability: Cloud services facilitate the scaling of resources based on demand. It ensures the efficiency of businesses in handling various workloads without the need for large amounts of investments in hardware during the periods of low demand.
Collaboration and Accessibility: Cloud computing provides easy access to data and applications from anywhere over the internet. This encourages collaborative team participation from different locations through shared documents and projects in real-time resulting in quality and productive outputs.
Automatic Maintenance and Updates: AWS Cloud takes care of the infrastructure management and keeping with the latest software automatically making updates they is new versions. Through this, AWS guarantee the companies always having access to the newest technologies to focus completely on business operations and innvoations.

Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing

The following are the main disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

Security Concerns: Storing of sensitive data on external servers raised more security concerns which is one of the main drawbacks of cloud computing.
Downtime and Reliability: Even though cloud services are usually dependable, they may also have unexpected interruptions and downtimes. These might be raised because of server problems, Network issues or maintenance disruptions in Cloud providers which negative effect on business operations, creating issues for users accessing their apps.
Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Cloud computing services heavily rely on Internet connectivity. For accessing the cloud resources the users should have a stable and high-speed internet connection for accessing and using cloud resources. In regions with limited internet connectivity, users may face challenges in accessing their data and applications.
Cost Management Complexity: The main benefit of cloud services is their pricing model that coming with Pay as you go but it also leads to cost management complexities. On without proper careful monitoring and utilization of resources optimization, Organizations may end up with unexpected costs as per their use scale. Understanding and Controlled usage of cloud services requires ongoing attention.

Cloud Sustainability

The following are the some of the key points of Cloud sustainability:

Enery Efficiency: Cloud Providers supports the optimization of data center operations for minimizing energy consumption and improve efficiency.
Renewable Energy: On increasing the adoption of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power to data centers and reduce carbon emissions.
Virtualization: Server virtualization facilitates better utilization of hardware resources, reducing the need for physical servers and lowering the energy consumptions.

Cloud Security

Cloud security recommended to measures and practices designed to protect data, applications, and infrastructure in cloud computing environments. The following are some of the best practices of cloud security:

Data Encryption: Encryption is essential for securing data stored in the cloud. It ensures that data remains unreadable to unauthorized users even if it is intercepted.
Access Control: Implementing strict access controls and authentication mechanisms helps ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive data and resources in the cloud.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification, such as passwords, biometrics, or security tokens, before gaining access to cloud services.

Use Cases Of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing provides many use cases across industries and various applications:

Scalable Infrastructure: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) enables organizations to scale computing resources based on demand without investing in physical hardware.
Efficient Application Development: Platform as a Service (PaaS) simplifies application development, offering tools and environments for building, deploying, and managing applications.
Streamlined Software Access: Software as a Service (SaaS) provides subscription-based access to software applications over the internet, reducing the need for local installation and maintenance.
Data Analytics: Cloud-based platforms facilitate big data analytics, allowing organizations to process and derive insights from large datasets efficiently.
Disaster Recovery: Cloud-based disaster recovery solutions offer cost-effective data replication and backup, ensuring quick recovery in case of system failures or disasters.

Cloud Computing – FAQs

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing is a technology that facilitates the users in accessing and utilizing the computing resources over the internet offering scalability and flexibility.

How does Cloud Security work?

It involves encryption, maintenance of data confidentiality guarding from unauthorized, unwanted access with features Authentication and authorization.

What are the benefits of Cloud Deployment?

Cloud Deployment offers accessibility, scalability, and cost savings features facilitating the organizations to focus on Innovation rather than managing the physical infrastructure.

What is the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

IaaS provides virtualized resources, PaaS comes up with features for the deployment of applications, and finally, SaaS facilitates fully managed functional software as a service over the Internet.

How can organizations ensure data compliance in the cloud?

Organizations choose cloud providers with strong security features and measures for ensuring data compliance. Organizations use cloud providers for implementing encryption, maintaining security measures, and supporting industry-specific regulations.

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Public Cloud vs Private Cloud vs Hybrid Cloud

Pre-requisite: Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a type of remote computer network hosting, where massively distributed computers are connected to the Internet and made available through Internet Protocol networks such as the Internet. Cloud computing involves providing a service over the Internet, on-demand and utility computing, distributed systems, and data processing for resource pooling, scalability, rapid elasticity, and rapid recovery from failure.

Public Cloud

A Public Cloud is Cloud Computing in which the infrastructure and services are owned and operated by a third-party provider and made available to the public over the internet. The public can access and use shared resources, such as servers, storage, and applications and the main thing is you pay for what you used. . Examples of public cloud providers – are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

Advantages

Cost Efficient: In the public cloud, we have to pay for what we used. So it is more cost-efficient than maintaining the physical servers or their own infrastructure.

Automatic Software Updates: In the public cloud, there are automatic software updates. we don’t have to update the software manually.

Accessibility: Public clouds allow users to access their resources and applications from anywhere in the world. We just need an internet connection to access it.

Disadvantages

Security and Privacy Concerns: Public clouds can be vulnerable to data breaches, cyber attacks, and other security risks. Since data is stored on servers owned by a third-party provider, there is always a risk that confidential or sensitive data may be exposed or compromised.

Limited Control: With public cloud services, users have limited control over the infrastructure and resources used to run their applications. This can make it difficult to customize the environment to meet specific requirements.

Reliance on Internet Connectivity: Public cloud services require a reliable and stable internet connection to access the resources and applications hosted in the cloud. If the internet connection is slow or unstable, it can affect the performance and availability of the services.

Service Downtime: Public cloud providers may experience service downtime due to hardware failures, software issues, or maintenance activities. This can result in temporary loss of access to applications and data.

Compliance and Regulatory Issues: Public cloud services may not meet certain compliance or regulatory requirements, such as those related to data privacy or security. This can create legal or contractual issues for businesses that are subject to these requirements.

Cost Overruns: Public cloud services are typically billed on a pay-per-use basis, which can result in unexpected cost overruns if usage exceeds anticipated levels. Additionally, the cost of using public cloud services may increase over time, as providers adjust their pricing models or add new features and services.

Private Cloud

A Private Cloud is a cloud computing environment in which the infrastructure and services are owned and operated by a single organization, for example, a company or government, and it is accessed by only authorized users within that organization. Private Cloud organizations have their own data center. private cloud provides a higher level of security. Examples – HPE, Dell, VMware, etc.

Advantages

Security Status: Private clouds provide a higher level of security. as the organization has full control over the cloud service. They can customize the servers to manage their security.

Customization of Service: Private clouds allow organizations to customize the infrastructure and services to meet their specific requirements. and also can customize the security.

Privacy: Private clouds provide increased privacy as the organization(company or government ) has more control over who has access to their data and resources.

Disadvantages

Higher Cost: Private clouds require dedicated hardware, software, and networking infrastructure, which can be expensive to acquire and maintain. This can make it challenging for smaller businesses or organizations with limited budgets to implement a private cloud.

Limited Scalability: Private clouds are designed to serve a specific organization, which means that they may not be as scalable as public cloud services. This can make it difficult to quickly add or remove resources in response to changes in demand.

Technical Complexity: Setting up and managing a private cloud infrastructure requires technical expertise and specialized skills. This can be a challenge for organizations that lack in-house IT resources or expertise.

Security Risks: Private clouds are typically considered more secure than public clouds since they are operated within an organization’s own infrastructure. However, they can still be vulnerable to security risks such as data breaches or cyber attacks.

Lack of Standardization: Private clouds are often built using proprietary hardware and software, which can make it challenging to integrate with other cloud services or migrate to a different cloud provider in the future.

Maintenance and Upgrades: Maintaining and upgrading a private cloud infrastructure can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. This can be a challenge for organizations that need to focus on other core business activities.

Hybrid Cloud

A hybrid cloud is a combination of both public and private cloud environments that allows organizations to take advantage of the benefits of both types of clouds. It manages traffic levels during peak usage periods It can provide greater flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness than using a single cloud environment. Examples – IBM, DataCore Software, Rackspace, Threat Stack, Infinidat, etc.

Advantages

Flexibility: Hybrid cloud stores its data (also sensitive) in a private cloud server. While public server provides Flexibility and Scalability.

Scalability: Hybrid cloud Enables organizations to move workloads back and forth between their private and public clouds depending on their needs.

Security: Hybrid cloud controls over highly sensitive data. and it provides high-level security. Also, it takes advantage of the public cloud’s cost savings.

Disadvantages

Complexity: Hybrid clouds are complex to set up and manage since they require integration between different cloud environments. This can require specialized technical expertise and resources.

Cost: Hybrid clouds can be more expensive to implement and manage than either public or private clouds alone, due to the need for additional hardware, software, and networking infrastructure.

Security Risks: Hybrid clouds are vulnerable to security risks such as data breaches or cyber attacks, particularly when there is a lack of standardization and consistency between the different cloud environments.

Data Governance: Managing data across different cloud environments can be challenging, particularly when it comes to ensuring compliance with regulations such as GDPR or HIPAA.

Network Latency: Hybrid clouds rely on communication between different cloud environments, which can result in network latency and performance issues.

Integration Challenges: Integrating different cloud environments can be challenging, particularly when it comes to ensuring compatibility between different applications and services.

Vendor Lock-In: Hybrid clouds may require organizations to work with multiple cloud providers, which can result in vendor lock-in and limit the ability to switch providers in the future.

UNIT I: Cloud Computing Overview

No. of Hours: 11

Chapter/Book Reference: TB1 [Chapters - 1, 10], TB2 [Chapters - 1, 2]

# 1. Introduction to Cloud Computing

- Definition and Evolution:

- Cloud Computing is a paradigm shift in IT where computing resources and services are delivered over the internet. The concept has its roots in the 1960s with time-sharing systems, which evolved into distributed computing, grid computing, and finally into modern cloud computing with the advent of virtualization and large-scale data centers.

- Key Milestones in Cloud Computing Evolution:

- 1960s: Concept of time-sharing.

- 1999: Salesforce launches as a SaaS platform.

- 2006: Amazon introduces AWS.

- 2010: Microsoft launches Azure.

- Services of the Internet:

- SaaS (Software as a Service): Software applications hosted by a service provider and made available to customers over the internet (e.g., Gmail, Salesforce).

- PaaS (Platform as a Service): Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications (e.g., Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure).

- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet (e.g., AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine).

# 2. Cloud Components

- Client: End-user devices such as desktops, laptops, mobile devices.

- Application: Software that is run in the cloud (e.g., Google Docs, Dropbox).

- Platform: The environment where the application runs (e.g., Windows Azure, Google App Engine).

- Storage: Where data is stored in the cloud (e.g., Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage).

- Infrastructure: The physical data centers and hardware (e.g., servers, storage devices).

# 3. Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing

- On-demand self-service: Users can unilaterally provision computing capabilities without requiring human interaction with service providers.

- Example: A user can spin up a virtual machine in AWS within minutes.

- Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms.

- Example: Accessing cloud services via any internet-connected device.

- Resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned.

- Example: Multi-tenancy in cloud environments like AWS and Azure.

- Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.

- Example: Auto-scaling groups in AWS.

- Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability.

- Example: Pay-as-you-go pricing model in cloud services.

# 4. The Vision of Cloud Computing

- Scalability: Ability to scale resources up or down based on demand.

- Flexibility: Access to a wide range of services and tools.

- Cost-effectiveness: Reduced capital expenditure (CapEx) due to a shift to operational expenditure (OpEx).

- Agility: Faster deployment of applications and services.

- Security: Enhanced security features provided by cloud service providers.

Challenges:

- Security: Concerns over data privacy and control.

- Compliance: Ensuring adherence to regulations and standards.

- Vendor lock-in: Dependency on a single cloud provider's infrastructure and services.

Example:

- Netflix: Uses AWS to deliver streaming content globally. Netflix leverages AWS’s global infrastructure for scalability and high availability.

Infographic:

![Cloud Computing Characteristics](https://example.com/cloud-characteristics.png)

UNIT II: Cloud Computing Architecture

No. of Hours: 11

Chapter/Book Reference: TB1 [Chapter - 4], TB2 [Chapters - 5, 6, 17, 18]

# 1. Introduction to Cloud Architecture

- Internet as a Platform:

- The internet acts as the backbone of cloud computing, providing a global network that connects users to cloud services.

- Example: Google’s global fiber-optic network supports its cloud services, ensuring low-latency access worldwide.

- Cloud Reference Model:

- Service Models:

- IaaS: Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet (e.g., AWS EC2).

- PaaS: Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications (e.g., Google App Engine).

- SaaS: Software applications provided over the internet (e.g., Microsoft 365).

- Deployment Models:

- Public Cloud: Services offered over the public internet, available to anyone (e.g., AWS, Azure).

- Private Cloud: Dedicated cloud environment operated for a single organization.

- Hybrid Cloud: A combination of public and private clouds, allowing data and applications to be shared between them.

- Community Cloud: Shared infrastructure for a specific community with common concerns.

# 2. Economics of the Cloud

- Cost Efficiency:

- Pay-per-use: Customers pay only for what they use, avoiding upfront costs.

- Economies of Scale: Cloud providers operate large-scale data centers, reducing costs per unit of service.

- Public vs. Private Clouds:

- Public Cloud: Lower cost due to shared resources, but less control.

- Private Cloud: Higher control and security, but at a higher cost.

Example:

- Spotify: Uses Google Cloud Platform for scalable storage and analytics.

Diagram:

![Cloud Reference Model](https://example.com/cloud-reference-model.png)

UNIT III: Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing

No. of Hours: 11

Chapter/Book Reference: TB1 [Chapter - 2], TB2 [Chapter - 11]

# 1. Parallel vs. Distributed Computing

- Parallel Computing: Involves simultaneous data processing using multiple processors.

- Example: Matrix multiplication where multiple elements are processed concurrently.

- Distributed Computing: Involves multiple interconnected computers working together to achieve a common goal.

- Example: Google’s MapReduce framework for processing large data sets.

# 2. Elements of Parallel Computing

- Task Decomposition: Dividing a large task into smaller subtasks.

- Concurrency: Multiple tasks executing at the same time.

# 3. Hardware Architectures for Parallel Processing

- Shared Memory: Multiple processors access the same memory.

- Example: Multi-core processors.

- Distributed Memory: Each processor has its own private memory.

- Example: Cluster computing.

# 4. Approaches to Parallel Programming

- Multithreading: A single program is split into multiple threads that run concurrently.

- Example: Java's `Thread` class for creating multithreaded applications.

- MPI (Message Passing Interface): Standard for parallel programming in a distributed environment.

- Example: MPI in high-performance computing applications.

Infographic:

![Parallel vs. Distributed Computing](https://example.com/parallel-vs-distributed.png)

UNIT IV: Virtualization

No. of Hours: 11

Chapter/Book Reference: TB1 [Chapter - 3], TB2 [Chapter - 8]

# 1. Introduction to Virtualization

- Definition: Virtualization is the creation of a virtual version of something, such as hardware platforms, storage devices, or network resources.

- Importance in Cloud Computing:

- Enables resource pooling, flexibility, and efficient utilization of physical resources.

# 2. Characteristics of Virtualized Environments

- Isolation: Virtual machines (VMs) run in isolation from each other, providing security and stability.

- Encapsulation: VMs encapsulate the entire operating environment, including the OS and applications.

# 3. Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques

- Full Virtualization: Complete simulation of underlying hardware to run unmodified OS.

- Example: VMware ESXi, where the guest OS does not know it's running in a virtualized environment.

- Partial Virtualization: Only part of the hardware environment is simulated.

- Example: Early versions of VMware Workstation.

- Para Virtualization: The guest OS is aware of the virtualization environment and interacts directly with the hypervisor.

- Example: Xen, where the guest OS must be modified.

# 4. Virtualization and Cloud Computing

- Integration: Virtualization is a core technology for cloud computing, enabling the dynamic allocation of resources.

- Pros and Cons:

- Pros: Improved resource utilization, scalability, and flexibility.

- Cons: Complexity in management and potential performance overhead.

Example: VMware:

- VMware ESXi: A hypervisor used to create and manage VMs in a private cloud environment.

- Diagram: VMware ESXi architecture showing hypervisor, VMs, and hardware layers.

Infographic:

![Types of Virtualization](https://example.com/virtualization-types.png)

References:

1. TB1: Rajkumar Buyya, Christian Vecchiola, and S. Thamarai Selvi, "Mastering Cloud Computing - Foundations and Applications Programming," Elsevier, 2013.

2. TB2: Kai Hwang, Geoffrey

References:

1. TB1: Rajkumar Buyya, Christian Vecchiola, and S. Thamarai Selvi, "Mastering Cloud Computing - Foundations and Applications Programming," Elsevier, 2013.

2. TB2: Kai Hwang, Geoffrey C. Fox, Jack J. Dongarra, "Distributed and Cloud Computing: From Parallel Processing to the Internet of Things," Morgan Kaufmann, 2012.

External Links:

- [AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials](https://aws.amazon.com/training/path-cloudpractitioner/)

- [Microsoft Learn: Azure Fundamentals](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/azure-fundamentals/)

- [Google Cloud Training](https://cloud.google.com/training)

Infographics & Diagrams:

- Cloud Computing Overview: [Link to Infographic](https://www.example.com/cloud-computing-overview)

- Virtualization Techniques: [Link to Diagram](https://www.example.com/virtualization-techniques

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)

1: Which institute is best for the cloud computing course?

Ans:

2: Is cloud computing a good career?

Ans: Yes, cloud computing is one of the best career choices and you get many career opportunities with a good salary.

3: How is Ducat Helpful?

A: It is the best institute in NCR where they offer various courses from more than 20+ years and give quality education to the students and help them to shape their future in their chosen field. It assures the students to make their dream come true of getting a good job in top company.

4: What is the average salary for cloud computing in India?

Ans: The average salary of cloud computing is 4-5 LPA.

5:Is there any job guarantee after completion of the cloud computing course?

A: Yes, Ducat offers a job guarantee after completion of the cloud computing course.

6: Is the cloud safe for personal information?

Ans: With numerous high-profile hacks of personal information in recent years cloud providers have worked to step up the security game for personal information.

7: What do I need to do to prepare for the cloud?

Ans: Many companies do not take the time to consider what they may need to put into place prior to shifting to the cloud. For the most part, preparing to shift to the cloud is simple and just requires you to have a Cloud Service Provider handle the transition. However, one of the biggest things to consider is your network bandwidth. With the strain put on local internet connections from cloud computing, you may consider upgrading your bandwidth or investing in SD-WAN technology to increase connectivity.

8: Do I get a certificate at the end of the cloud computing course?

A: Yes, we offer a certificate after completion of the cloud computing course.

9:What are the Benefits of Cloud Computing?

Ans: No need to procure and maintain on-premise data centers Cloud services are compatible with multiple devices and operating systems You can enjoy instant scalability, thus improving organizational agility Cloud environments are generally more secure as compared to on-premise ones Enterprise data is centralized, making it easy to secure it and maintain backups Accelerate the on-boarding time of employees, especially remote workers.

10: I Have More Queries.

A: In case you have any other queries contact us and our experts will get in touch with you in a short period.

Frequently Asked Interview Questions

1: What is the difference between cloud computing and computing for mobiles?

Ans: Mobile computing uses the same concept as cloud computing. Cloud computing becomes active with the data with the help of the internet rather than the individual device. It provides users with the data which they have to retrieve on demand. In mobile, the applications run on the remote server and give the user access to storage and management.

2: What are the security aspects provided by the cloud?

Ans: Identity management: It authorizes the application services Access control: permission has to be provided to the users so that they can control the access of another user who is entering into the cloud environment. Authentication and Authorization: Allows only the authorized and authenticated user only to access the data and applications.

3: What are system integrators in Cloud Computing?

Ans: In Cloud Computing, a systems integrator provides the strategy for the complicated process used to design a cloud platform. Integrator allows for the creation of more accurate hybrid and private cloud networks, as integrators have all the knowledge about data center creation.

4: What are some of the popularly used cloud computing services?

Ans: Cloud computing has come to be used widely across industries. Some of the top players, in this case, are Windows Azure, Amazon Web Services, and iCloud, which are exclusively for iOs users. These are the broadly used cloud platforms. However, there are emerging cloud services available in the market.

5: What are the cloud service models?

Ans: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS)

6: Who are the Cloud service providers in a cloud ecosystem?

Ans: Cloud service providers are the companies that sell their cloud services to others. Sometimes these companies also provide cloud services internally to their partners, employees, etc.

7: Which are the layers of Cloud Computing?

Ans: The different layers used by cloud computing are as follows:

CLC or Cloud Controller

Walrus

Cluster Controller

Storage Controller (SC)

Node Controller (NC)

8: Mention the names of some large cloud providers and databases.

Ans: Google Bigtable Amazon Simple Database Cloud-based SQL (Sequential Query Language)

9: Mention what is the difference between elasticity and scalability in cloud computing?

Ans: Scalability is a characteristic of cloud computing through which increasing workload can be handled by increasing in proportion the amount of resource capacity. Whereas, elasticity is one of the characteristics that highlights the concept of commissioning and decommissioning a large amount of resource capacity.

10: In the cloud what are the optimization strategies?

Ans: To overcome the maintenance cost and to optimise the resources, there is a concept of three data centers in the cloud which provides recovery and backup in case of disaster or system failure and keep all the data safe and intact.

Explore : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/paths/microsoft-azure-fundamentals-describe-cloud-concepts/

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Table of Contents

What Is Cloud Computing?
What is AWS Cloud Computing Technology?
Types Of Cloud Computing
Benefits Of Cloud Computing
Career Opportunities After Cloud Computing
Why To Enroll In Online Cloud Computing Training Course
How we provides Best Placement Assistance?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)
Cloud Computing Interview Questions

We offers training according to industry standards that help attendees to secure placements in their dream jobs at MNCs. The institute offers education to undergraduates, graduates, post-graduation, working professionals, and freelancers. It is the 20+ years of experience in the market which give the best IT training to the students. It is a blend of academic learning and practical sessions to give optimum exposure and helps in transforming the future of the kids with successful career options.

What Is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is an abstraction of computing, storage, and network infrastructure which is assembled as a platform in which the application of the system is deployed quickly and easily scaled. Cloud computing is a platform which offers various services like storage, database, server, software, analytics, and many others and it also offers fast innovation with convenient resources. It is a tool which easily enables various computing resources and has proper storage and easy access. data. It is a software which has multiple users where they can easily access the data from any place. It is also referred to as technology which includes servers, infrastructure, and many other devices.

Important: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing resources, such as IT infrastructure or data centers over the internet. The importance of cloud computing can be found in using services like Google Drive and Apple iCloud. The use of these services allows documents, contacts, pictures, and a whole lot more online.

Cloud training is highly in demand and has become a new business model. It is a new way of using computers in various areas such as education, business, communication, the military, hospitals, and other places. It is a way of increasing profits and productivity and it helps in achieving the goal. It easily executes various business applications. It is impacting business, and career, and provides a worldwide opportunity for students. After cloud computing certification you will be able to store large data, manage, share and collaborate the data with high speed and accuracy.

In today's world, learning cloud computing courses is becoming popular while it has been used in numerous fields. Where they easily help to reach with a meteoric rise and opportunity to work with many top organizations and embrace the cloud technology where it has a variety of factors like productivity, infrastructure, cost, speed, performance, security, and others. It is an IT service that works with a directly paying pricing model through the internet with high demand. You can easily access IT assets such as software and apps, server, and database, through cloud technologies.

What is AWS Cloud Computing Technology?

Online Cloud Computing Training Course means storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet worldwide instead of your computer's drive. This is just a metaphor for the Internet.

It involves large no. of computers connected through real time communication network like the internet. CLOUD also involves resource sharing and how effectively these shared resources are used. Resources are shared by multiple users and also dynamically re-allocated.

Cloud Computing allows system accessibility from anywhere using a browser. The feature is to make it widely used nowadays.API or application programming interface in this software allows machines to interact with cloud software. It is suitable for disaster data recovery due to the use of many redundant sites that enhance reliability.

Moreover, its applications are easy to maintain. Another service provided by Cloud Computing is on demand self service which allows users to configure and use cloud services by using catalogs. Thus infrastructure engineers design cloud computing templates which are according to consumer requirements.

Basic modules of cloud computing are easy to understand so anyone with basic computer and internet knowledge can learn. Approaching higher-level concepts of Cloud computing it is mandatory to have an understanding of programming in .net and J2EE.

You can enroll now for Cloud computing course and can kick start your journey with a certification

Types Of Cloud Computing

Public Clouds: Public clouds are owned by a third party where they deliver their computing resources like servers and storage through the internet. For the public cloud, Azure is the best example. With all the public cloud all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure are owned and managed by cloud providers, it accesses their services and easily manages the account using a web browser.

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Private Cloud: A private cloud refers to cloud computing resources which are exclusively for a single business or organisation. A private cloud is physically located on the company site data center. It has companies where you can pay easily to third-party service providers to host the private cloud. A private cloud is one of the services and infrastructure maintained on a private network.

Hybrid Cloud: It is a cloud which is a combination of public and private clouds bound together by technology which allows data and applications and is shared between them. It allows data and applications to move between private and public clouds whereas a hybrid cloud gives businesses greater flexibility and fewer deployment options and helps to optimize the existing infrastructure, security, and compliance.

Examples

Here are examples of Public, Private, and Hybrid Cloud deployments:

Public Cloud:

Amazon Web Services (AWS): AWS provides a broad range of services like computing power, storage, and databases, all accessible over the internet. It's used by companies like Netflix for scalable cloud solutions.

Microsoft Azure: Azure offers services such as virtual machines, AI tools, and databases that can be accessed by multiple users over the public internet. It's widely adopted by enterprises for various cloud solutions.

Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Google’s public cloud service provides computing, storage, and networking services. Companies like Spotify use GCP to manage and scale their applications.

Private Cloud:

OpenStack: Many organizations use OpenStack to build private cloud environments on their own hardware. For example, financial institutions often use OpenStack to maintain control over sensitive data.

VMware vSphere: VMware’s private cloud solutions allow organizations to run virtual machines on their own infrastructure, offering more control and security.

Dell EMC Cloud: A private cloud solution that enables organizations to maintain a cloud environment within their own data centers, offering control over hardware and software configurations.

Hybrid Cloud:

Microsoft Azure Stack: Azure Stack allows businesses to run Azure services in their own data centers while integrating with the broader Azure public cloud. It’s used by companies that need to keep certain data on-premises while using public cloud resources.

IBM Cloud: IBM provides hybrid cloud solutions that combine on-premises, private, and public cloud environments, allowing seamless data movement between them. It’s used by enterprises that need flexibility in cloud deployment.

Google Anthos: Google Anthos allows organizations to run applications across on-premises, Google Cloud, and even other public clouds like AWS or Azure. This flexibility is particularly useful for businesses with complex multi-cloud strategies.

These examples illustrate the range of options available for deploying cloud infrastructure based on specific needs for scalability, control, and security.

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UNIT-4

Virtualization is a fundamental technology in cloud computing, enabling the creation of virtual versions of resources, such as servers, storage, and networks. This technology allows multiple virtual instances to run on a single physical system, optimizing hardware usage and enabling flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency. Here’s a detailed overview of virtualization in cloud computing:

1. What is Virtualization?

Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual (rather than physical) version of an IT resource, including operating systems, storage devices, networks, or entire hardware platforms. It abstracts the hardware layer from the software layer, enabling multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical machine.

2. Characteristics of Virtualization

Key characteristics of virtualization include:

Partitioning: Multiple operating systems can run on a single physical machine through partitioning.
Encapsulation: Entire systems, including the OS, applications, and data, are encapsulated in a virtual machine.
Isolation: Each VM is isolated from others, which provides security and ensures that failures or issues in one VM don’t affect others.
Hardware Independence: VMs can be moved between different physical hardware without compatibility issues, as virtualization abstracts the hardware.

3. Taxonomy of Virtualization Technologies

Virtualization technologies can be classified into several types based on the approach, layer, and purpose:

Server Virtualization: Divides a single physical server into multiple isolated virtual servers (VMs). Examples include VMware, Hyper-V, and KVM.
Network Virtualization: Abstracts network resources to manage and optimize network resources, creating virtual networks.
Storage Virtualization: Abstracts physical storage resources to create a pool of storage that can be allocated dynamically.
Desktop Virtualization: Enables users to access desktop environments remotely, as in Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI).
Application Virtualization: Isolates applications from the underlying OS and other applications, allowing applications to run independently.

4. Pros and Cons of Virtualization

Virtualization has many advantages but also some limitations:

Pros:

Cost Efficiency: Optimizes hardware utilization, reducing the need for multiple physical machines.
Scalability and Flexibility: VMs can be quickly scaled or moved across different hardware.
Improved Resource Utilization: Enables multiple instances on a single machine, maximizing resource usage.
Disaster Recovery: Virtualization enables faster backup, recovery, and redundancy mechanisms.
Isolation and Security: VMs are isolated, offering better security and failure containment.

Cons:

Resource Overhead: Hypervisors consume resources, potentially lowering performance.
Complexity in Management: Managing virtual environments can become complex.
Licensing Costs: Virtualization software may require additional licensing fees.
Security Risks: Vulnerabilities in hypervisors can expose VMs to attacks if not adequately managed.

5. What is VMware?

VMware is one of the leading companies in virtualization technology. VMware’s suite of software products allows organizations to create, manage, and secure virtualized infrastructure and applications. VMware offers solutions like VMware vSphere, VMware ESXi (hypervisor), and VMware vCenter for data centers, enabling cloud computing environments through robust virtualization tools.

6. Types of Hardware Virtualization

Hardware virtualization involves creating virtual machines that behave like real computers with their own operating systems.

There are three main types:

Full Virtualization:

In full virtualization, the hypervisor fully simulates underlying hardware.
Guest OSs are unaware of the virtualization and execute instructions as if they were running on physical hardware.
This type enables maximum isolation and security but can incur a performance overhead.
Examples: VMware Workstation, Oracle VirtualBox.

Partial Virtualization:

Only certain hardware components are virtualized.
Guest OSs need some modifications to interact with the virtualized hardware.
Partial virtualization has less overhead than full virtualization but may not support all OSs and applications.

Paravirtualization:

In paravirtualization, the guest OS is modified to be aware of the virtualization layer, enabling more efficient communication with the hypervisor.
This approach results in better performance as it reduces the overhead associated with full virtualization.
Examples include Xen (an open-source hypervisor).

7. Role of Virtualization in Cloud Computing

Virtualization is a critical component in cloud computing because it allows cloud providers to offer multiple isolated instances to users on the same physical hardware. This enables multi-tenancy, where multiple users share resources securely. Virtualization also supports key cloud characteristics such as scalability, resource pooling, and elasticity, making it foundational to cloud computing’s functionality.

Summary

Virtualization technology in cloud computing offers efficient, scalable, and flexible use of physical hardware resources, providing users with secure, isolated environments. With different approaches like full, partial, and paravirtualization, organizations can choose the level of performance and isolation that best suits their needs. Virtualization platforms like VMware provide essential tools for building and managing virtualized environments, empowering the infrastructure behind cloud solutions.

Career Opportunities After Cloud Computing

Choosing cloud computing training is the best option while it leads to your career success and offers the best opportunities after completion of the course. Cloud computing is a platform which is used in a business where many service providers and experts are offered with good salary packages. According to the study, it is seen that it has a steady demand for professional cloud computing experts who offer a better future prospective way and reach toward high. Where you will give the right path to your career. Cloud computing course is known to be the best choice for beginners which offers the best opportunity with career benefits. After completion of the course, you have an array of job options like java developers, dot net developer, data engineers, data scientists, software engineers, and others.

Key Takeaways: Cloud-based storage makes it possible to save files to a remote database and retrieve them on demand. Services can be both public and private—public services are provided online for a fee while private services are hosted on a network to specific clients.

Why To Enroll In Cloud Computing Training Course ?

This Cloud Computing Training Course will teach you the basics of the Cloud and will provide you with a solid foundation. Our Cloud Computing Certification Program provides comprehensive instruction and the tools to demonstrate proficiency in this popular language.

Students will build a live project showcasing their skills in development, Systems Development, Data analysis. Learn Cloud Computing and make your future brighter by learning it from Best Cloud Training Center in Noida. For better results, go for this Course which is a good start for beginners who want to step up in Programming.

After Cloud Computing Courses, you will get confidence and can work on your own projects. As most of the companies are offering jobs for those employees who have knowledge of the Cloud, there are a lot of job opportunities. Thus Cloud Courses will be very helpful for your growth in the industry. The only need for a student is to select the right course from the right place like Ducat the Best IT & Professional Training Institute in Delhi NCR.

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REFERENCES

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cloud_computing/index.htm

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing/

Pages

Cloud Computing and Virtualization

CLOUD COMPUTING TRAINING

What Is Cloud Computing?

Understanding How Cloud Computing Works?

Origins Of Cloud Computing

What is Virtualization In Cloud Computing?

Architecture Of Cloud Computing

1. Front End ( User Interaction Enhancement )

2. Back-end Platforms ( Cloud Computing Engine )

3. Cloud-Based Delivery and Network

What Are The Types of Cloud Computing Services?

1. Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS )

2. Platform as a Service ( PaaS )

3. SaaS (software as a service)

4. Function as a Service (FaaS)

What Are Cloud Deployment Models?

1. Private Deployment Model

2. Public Deployment Model

3. Hybrid Deployment Model

What Is Cloud Hosting?

Characteristics Of Cloud Computing

Top Reasons to Switch from On-premise to Cloud Computing

Top leading Cloud Computing companies

Advantages of Cloud Computing

Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing

Cloud Sustainability

Cloud Security

Use Cases Of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing – FAQs

What is Cloud Computing?

How does Cloud Security work?

What are the benefits of Cloud Deployment?

What is the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

How can organizations ensure data compliance in the cloud?

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